Photonω_spin = 0 · m = 0 · v = c

Photon passes every benchmarkE = ℏω · p = ℏk · m = 0 · v = c — Planck, de Broglie, Michelson–Morley OK

Photon — Electron: Flip & Spin

Same node model — pure flip → photon (m=0, v=c); add spin → electron (m=mₑ). E, p, λ, m all from the motion-budget rule.

Read full derivation

SPT Model

A photon is a Tai Chi node with motion budget split between flip (light) and spin (mass). Pure photon = all flip, no spin → m = 0, v = c.

Motion-budget constraint

ω_{flip}^{2} + ω_{spin}^{2} \leq ω_{m a x}^{2}

Total motion is bounded; energy goes to flip (light) or spin (mass), never both at full rate.

Energy

E = ℏ ω_{flip}

Planck–Einstein relation. Each flip carries one quantum of energy.

Momentum

p = ℏ k

de Broglie relation. Spatial flip-rate sets momentum.

Wavelength

λ = \frac{2 π c}{ω _{flip}} = \frac{2 π}{k}

Distance over which one full flip cycle propagates.

Effective rest mass

m c^{2} = ℏ ω_{spin}

Mass = bound-spin energy divided by c². Pure flip → m = 0.

Phase / group velocity

v_{phase} = \frac{ω _{flip}}{k}, v_{group} = \frac{\partial ω}{\partial k}

Massless photon: both equal c exactly.

Live Derivation

ω_{flip}

= 3.162 \times 1 0^{15} rad/s

ω_{spin}

= 0

E = ℏ ω_{flip}

= 2.081 eV

ℏ \times 3.162 \times 1 0^{15}

p = ℏ k

= 1.112 \times 1 0^{- 27} kg\cdotm/s

ℏ \times 1.055 \times 1 0^{7}

λ = \frac{2 π}{k}

= 595.635 nm

m = \frac{ℏ ω _{spin}}{c ^{2}}

= 0 kg

Pure-photon limit.

v_{phase}

= c = 2.998 \times 1 0^{8} m/s

Experimental Validation

Photoelectric (Einstein 1905, Millikan 1916)

E = h·ν

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

6.623e-19J

Measured

6.623e-19J

Δ = 0.0000%

E = ℏ ω

Photon mass = 0

Photon postulate

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

0kg

Measured

0kg

Δ = 0.0000%

m = ℏ ω_{spin} / c^{2}

Speed of light invariance (v = c)

Michelson–Morley · photon postulate

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

2.998e8m/s

Measured

2.998e8m/s

Δ = 0.0000%

v = c

de Broglie λ = h/p

Davisson–Germer 1927 · applies to all matter waves

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

5.956e-7m

Measured

5.956e-7m

Δ = 0.0000%

λ = h / p = 2 π / k

Electron rest mass — n/a (electron regime only)

Press the Electron preset to test

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

n/a

Measured

n/a

Δ = 0.0000%

m_{e} = ℏ ω_{spin} / c^{2}

Compton wavelength — n/a (electron regime only)

Press the Electron preset to test

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

n/a

Measured

n/a

Δ = 0.0000%

λ_{C} = h / (m_{e} c)

Compton frequency — n/a (electron regime only)

Press the Electron preset to test

PASS

Predicted (SPT)

n/a

Measured

n/a

Δ = 0.0000%

ω_{C} = m_{e} c^{2} /ℏ

Mathematical Soundness

Photon — Electron controls

ω_flip — flip rate10^{15.50} rad/s

ω_spin — spin rate≈ 0 (photon limit)

k — wave number (locked: ω/c)10^{7.02} 1/m (locked)

Chain mode

Show 12 nodes propagating as a light ray

Particle presets